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å¶ç¶çŸè±¡ã«å¯ŸããŠæ°åŠçãªæš¡åïŒã¢ãã«ïŒãäžãã解æããæ°åŠã®äžåé.
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確çè«äœç³»
ð²ç¢ºç
ç©äºãçºçãã床åã, probability.
ð²æ¡ä»¶ä»ã確ç
ããäºè±¡Bãèµ·ãããšããæ¡ä»¶ã®äžã§ã®äºè±¡Aã®ç¢ºç.
ð²æåŸ å€
expected value.
確çå€æ°ã®ãšãå€ã«, 察å¿ãã確çãããããæããŠå ããå€.
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ããããå®éšããã°ããŒã¿ã®å¹³åã¯çã®å¹³åã«è¿ã¥ããšããæ³å.
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- ðã¢ã«ãã¡ãæ¢ã
- 倧æ°ã®æ³å - Wikipedia
- ð±ãµã€ã³ããæ¯ãç¶ããã°å€§æ°ã®æ³åã«ããæå確çãåæãã
ð²äžå¿æ¥µéå®ç
Central Limit Theorem.
倧æ°ã®æ³åã«ãããš, ããæ¯éå£ããç¡äœçºæœåºãããæšæ¬å¹³åã¯ãµã³ãã«ã®ãµã€ãºã倧ãããããšçã®å¹³åã«è¿ã¥ã.
äžå¿æ¥µéå®çã¯æšæ¬å¹³åãšçã®å¹³åãšã®èª€å·®ãè«ãããã®ã§ãã. å€ãã®å Žå, æ¯éå£ã®ååžãã©ããªååžã§ãã£ãŠã, ãã®èª€å·®ã¯ãµã³ãã«ã®ãµã€ãºã倧ãããããšãè¿äŒŒçã«æ£èŠååžã«åŸã.
- ãµã³ãã«æ°ãå€ãããŠã, å¹³åã¯å€åããªã
- ãµã³ãã«æ°ãå€ããããš, æšæºåå·®, æšæºèª€å·®ã¯å°ãããªã
ð確çååž
marginal distribution.
確çå€æ°ã®åã ã®å€ã«å¯ŸããŠãã®èµ·ãããããå šäœãè¡šãããã®.
確çååžã¯å€ã«ç¢ºçã察å¿ãããé¢æ° (é¢æ£çãª, Categorical)
A marginal distribution is the distribution of data âin the marginâ of a table. It may also be described as the distribution of the data for a single variable.
ðåæååž
åæååž(joint distribution), åæ確çååžãçµå確çååžãçµåååž.
è€æ°ã®ç¢ºçå€æ°ã®çµã確çèŠçŽ ãšãã確çååž.
ðæ£èŠååž
æ£èŠååž(Normal Distribution).
å¹³åå€ã®ä»è¿ã«éç©ãããããªããŒã¿ã®ååžãè¡šããé£ç¶çãªå€æ°ã«é¢ãã確çååž.
確çå€æ° X ã N (ÎŒ, Ï 2) ã«åŸãæ, å¹³å ÎŒ ããã®ããã
- ± 1 Ï ä»¥äžã®ç¯å²ã« X ãå«ãŸãã確ç㯠68.27%
- ± 2 Ï ä»¥äžã ãš 95.45%,
- ± 3 Ï ã ãš 99.73% ãšãªã.
ããŒã¿ãæ£èŠååžã«ãããããšã, 以äžã® 2 ã€ã®çµ±èšéã圹ã«ç«ã€
- Mean: å¹³å
- Standard Deviation: æšæºåå·®
ðãã¢ãœã³ååž
ãã¢ãœã³ååž, ããæéã§äºè±¡ãçºçããåæ°(é »åºŠ)ãããããé¢æ£ç¢ºçååž.
äºè±¡ã説æãããšã, ãµã³ãã«ã倧ãã確çãå°ããç¶æ ã§ããåœãŠã¯ãŸã.
ãã¢ãœã³ååž - Wikipedia
â ãã¢ãœã³ååžã§çããäºè±¡ã®çºç確çãäºæž¬ã§ãã
ãŸãã«çºçããäºè±¡ãšãã®çºç確çãšããã®ããã¢ãœã³ååžã§äžããããããšãããç¥ãããŠãã.
- ã³ãŒã«ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã«ïŒæéåœããããã£ãŠããé»è©±ã®æ°
- æ亀差ç¹ã§ïŒæ¥åœããã«äºæ ãèµ·ããåæ°
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âšæ¥åžžã®ä»®èª¬æèã§å¹³åãšæšæºåå·®ããç°åžžãšå€æããåºæºãçŽ æ©ã決ãã
ðã³ã³ãµã«ã®åæã®åºæ¬ã¯ã¯ã€ãã¯&ããŒãã£ãŒãšãã話é¡ã«ãã¢ãœã³ååžã絡ããã°, æ¥åžžã§ãç°¡åãªå¹³åãšåæ£ã®è¶³ãç®ã§çŽ æ©ã仮説ãæ§ç¯ããããã®ææãšãªãåŸã.
éãªç®ç®çšèšç®ã§ãçŽ æ©ãããã°ãããæèã®åœ¹ã«ç«ã€. éã ãããšãã£ãŠ, äœã®æ ¹æ ããªããããã¯ç¢ºããããããã.
ð¡ãã¢ãœã³ååžãšãã¥ãŒãã³ãšã©ãŒ
人çºçãã¹, ãã¥ãŒãã³ãšã©ãŒã¯ãŸãã«çºçãã.
å·¥å ŽããœãããŠã§ã¢éçºã®å質管çã®ãããã¯ã«ãããŠ, äœæ¥ãã¹ã®çºç確çã«ãã¢ãœã³ååžãå©çšãããããšããã.
ð確çéçš
stochastic process.
æéãšãšãã«å€åããå¶ç¶çŸè±¡ãèšè¿°ããããã®æ°åŠã¢ãã«.
æ ªäŸ¡ãçºæ¿ã®å€å, ãã©ãŠã³éåãªã©ã®ã©ã³ãã ãªéåãæ°åŠçã«èšè¿°ããã¢ãã«.
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ãã®éçšã®å°æ¥ç¶æ ã®æ¡ä»¶ä»ã確çååžããçŸåšç¶æ ã®ã¿ã«äŸåããéå»ã®ãããªãç¶æ ã«ãäŸåããªãæ§è³ª. ãã«ã³ãæ§ã®ãã確çéçšããã«ã³ãéçš.
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- ðšãŽã¹ã±: 確çéçš, ãã«ã³ãã®å°é家ãšããã°ãã®äºº.
- ã©ã³ãã ãŠã©ãŒã¯
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ðãã«ãã³ã²ãŒã«
Martingale.
éå»ã®æ å ±ã«å¶éããŠèšç®ããæåŸ å€ãšæªæ¥ã®æåŸ å€ãåäžã«ãªãæ§è³ª.
確çéçšã®æ§è³ªã®äžã€ã§éèŠæŠå¿µ.
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確çè«ãšðçµ±èšåŠã¯äžç·ã«ã»ãããããããšãå€ã. ããã®ããããããäžå¯§ã«èŠãŠãã.
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確ççãªç¶æ³ãæªç¥ã®å Žåã«, æªç¥ã®ãã®ãäºæ³ããã®ãçµ±èšåŠ.
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