èšæ¶ãšã¯
ðç¥èãè³ã«ä¿åããŠ, ããåãåºããããšãã§ããèœå.
- æ å ±ã®ãšã³ã³ãŒããä¿æãæ€çŽ¢ãšããéçšãéããŠãçµéšãåŠç¿å 容ãä¿åããã¡ã«ããºã (èªç¥å¿çåŠ)
ãã®ç¥èã¯ç¬ç«ãããã®ã§æ§ããªã(åèªã®çŸ åãšã).
èšæ¶ããã»ã¹(Encoding-Store-Retrieval)
ðèªç¥ç§åŠçãªèšæ¶ããã»ã¹ã®äžåé¡.
Store
貯è.
Retrieval
åèµ·. æãåºãããã»ã¹.
ð§ èšé/Encoding
èšé. 笊å·å. èšæ¶ã«ãããæ¶ããããã»ã¹.
ãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãšã¯ãå€éšããã®æ å ±ãèšæ¶ãšããŠè³ã«ä¿åããããã»ã¹ã®ããšãæ å ±ã¯ãèŠèŠã»é³ã»æå³ã»è§ŠèŠãªã©ã®ããŸããŸãªåœ¢ã§è³ã«èšæ¶ãããã
cf. ð笊å·å(encode), æ å ±çè«.
physiological approach
mental approach
ð§ Elaborative Encoding
粟緻åãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°. æ°ããæ å ±ããã§ã«ç¥ã£ãŠããç¥èãšé¢é£ã¥ããŠèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³.
- ðSyntopic Reading
- ðŽã€ãªãèªã¿
- ðã¢ãããžãŒãèšæ¶ã§ã¯ãªãæšè«.
- ðŠé£ããæŠå¿µãçè§£ããããã«åæãšãªãæŠå¿µãèšæ¶ããŠããããšã§ãã髿¬¡ã®æèãã§ãã - Barbara Oakley
- ðŠæèšã«ãŒããããã³ã³ã»ãããããã®æ¹ãåŠã³ã«ã¯å§åçã«åªãã - Barbara Oakley
ð§ åé åé, è€éãªæ å ±ã®åŠçãšæŽçãæ åœ.
ð§ Semantic Encoding
æå³çãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°. æå³ãçè§£ããŠèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³
ãããEncoding Typeã®äžã§æåŒ·.
- äŸ: ãç¬ããšããèšèãèãããšããéå»ã®çµéšãé¢é£ããç¥èãèªç¶ã«æãåºããã
- é¢é£ããè³ã®éšäœ
- å·ŠåŽã®äžåé åéïŒLeft Inferior Prefrontal CortexïŒ: èšèã®æå³ã®åŠç
- ãã€ã³ã
- æå³ãäŒŽãæ å ±ã¯èšæ¶ã«æ®ãããã
- èªååãããã¹ããŒãªãŒãäœããšèŠãããããªãïŒäŸ: ãæ°Žå µãªãŒãåã®è¹ãïŒå çŽ èšå·ïŒ
Organizational Encoding
çµç¹åãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°. æ å ±ãã«ããŽãªãŒããšã«æŽçããŠèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³
- äŸ: è²·ãç©ãªã¹ããé£åã»æ¥çšåã»é£²æã®ããã«åé¡ãããšèŠãããã
Visual Encoding
èŠèŠçãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°. ç»åãèŠèŠæ å ±ãèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³.
- äŸ: åããŠèšªããå Žæã®å°å³ãæãåºããé¡ãèŠãã
- é¢é£ããè³ã®éšäœ
- èŠç©ºéã¹ã±ãããããïŒVisuo-Spatial SketchpadïŒ: äžæçãªèŠèŠæ å ±ã®èšæ¶
- ææ¡äœïŒAmygdalaïŒ: èŠèŠæ å ±ã«ææ çãªæå³ãæããã
é³é»çãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ïŒAcoustic EncodingïŒ
é³ã䜿ã£ãŠèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³
- äŸ: æã®ã¡ããã£ã§åèªãèŠããããªãºã ã䜿ã£ãæèš
- é¢é£ããè³ã®éšäœ
- é³é»ã«ãŒãïŒPhonological LoopïŒ: çæéã®é³ã®èšæ¶
- ãšã³ã€ãã¯ã¡ã¢ãªïŒEchoic MemoryïŒ: çæéã®èŽèŠèšæ¶
- ãã€ã³ã
- èšèã®ãªãºã ãé»ïŒã©ã€ã ïŒã䜿ããšèšæ¶ãããã
- é·æèšæ¶ã«ä¿åããããšãã¯ãæå³çãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãšçµã³ã€ã
è§ŠèŠãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ïŒTactile EncodingïŒ
è§Šã£ãæèŠãèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³
- äŸ: ç®ãã€ã¶ã£ãŠããŠããè§Šã£ãã ãã§ç©ã®åœ¢ãèå¥ã§ãã
- é¢é£ããè³ã®éšäœ
- äœæ§æèŠéïŒSomatosensory CortexïŒ: è§ŠèŠæ å ±ã®åŠç
åãã»å³èŠãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ïŒOlfactory & Gustatory EncodingïŒ
åããå³ãéããŠèšæ¶ããæ¹æ³
- äŸ: ããéŠæ°Žã®åããå ãã ãšãã«ãæã®æãåºããã¿ããã
- é¢é£ããè³ã®éšäœ
- å èŠç³»ïŒOlfactory SystemïŒ: èšæ¶ãšåŒ·ãçµã³ã€ã
ã©ã®ãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãäžçªèšæ¶ã«æ®ãïŒ
- äžè¬çã«ãæå³çãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ïŒSemantic EncodingïŒãæãèšæ¶ã«æ®ãããã
- çç±: æ·±ãåŠçããã»ã©èšæ¶ãå®çããããïŒãæ·±ãåŠç广ãïŒ
- ãšã³ã³ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®çš®é¡ãçµã¿åããããšãããã«å¹æçã«èšæ¶ã§ãã
- èŠèŠ + æå³: åèªãç»åãšããŠèŠãã
- é³ + æå³: ãªãºã ãã€ããŠèŠãã
- çµç¹å + æå³: æ å ±ãåé¡ããŠæŽçãã
ð§ çæèšæ¶
çæèšæ¶, short-term memory, STM.
ð§ ã¯ãŒãã³ã°ã¡ã¢ãª
ã¯ãŒãã³ã°ã¡ã¢ãª, äœæ¥èšæ¶. æ å ±ã®å€æåŠçãããè³å ã®äœæ¥é å.
- ð±é€ããšå¯ãã§æèãåã
- ðæªéã®æ£äœã¯ã¯ãŒãã³ã°ã¡ã¢ãªæ¯æžãšãã仮説
ð§ é³é»ã«ãŒã
é³é»ã«ãŒãã¯é³é»è²¯èµåº« (phonological store) ãšãæ§é³ãªããŒãµã« (arituclatory rehearsal) ãšãã倧ãã2ã€ã®ã·ã¹ãã ããæ§æãããŠãããå ¥åä¿¡å·ã¯é³é»è²¯èµåº«ãšåºåãããã¡ãšã®éã§æ§é³ãªããŒãµã«ãç¹°ãè¿ããªããèšæ¶çè·¡ã匷ããäžå€®å®è¡ç³»ã®æä»€ãåããŠé³å£°ãšããŠåºåããã.
é³é»ã«ãŒã - è³ç§åŠèŸå ž
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ããããã. é³å£°å
¥åã¯ã¡ã¢ãªãããã¡ããã. èŠèŠæ
å ±ãããèšæ¶ã«æ¢ãŸãããã. äžæ¹ããªããããç¥ã£ãããšãããšãä»äººã®ããã¹ã声ããªãéäžåã劚ããã®ããç¥ãããã£ããã. ã¡ã¢ãªãããã¡ããžã£ã³ã¯ãµãŠã³ãã§æ±æããããã.
ðåè»éšé³ãæ¯ããçè«ã .
ð¡ã¯ãŒãã³ã°ã¡ã¢ãªãšçæèšæ¶ã¯éã
åºå žå¿ãã.
ã¯ãŒãã³ã°ã¡ã¢ãªã¯åæã«ãªã«ãããããšãã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã®ã§äžæçã«ãªã«ããèŠããçæèšæ¶ãšã¯ã¡ãã£ãšéã.
ð§ é·æèšæ¶
ð§ 宣èšçèšæ¶
Declarative Memory. 宣èšçèšæ¶/é³è¿°èšæ¶.
ã€ã¡ãŒãžãèšèªãšããŠæèäžã«å å®¹ãæ³èµ·ã§ãããã®å 容ãé³è¿°ã§ããèšæ¶.
- äœãåŠãã ã
- å人ãšã®äŒè©±ã®å 容
- ðã¬ã ç¡ç ã§è³ã«å®çãã.
- åäŸãåŸæ.
- ð§ æµ·éЬãçµç±ãã. æèçãªèšæ¶.
ð§ æå³èšæ¶
èšèã«ããã®ã容æãªèšæ¶. ðç¥èã®ããš.
ð§ ãšããœãŒãèšæ¶
ãã€, ã©ãã§, ãªã«ã. å人ã®çµéšããåºæ¥äº.
ð§ éé³è¿°èšæ¶
èšèã§èª¬æããã®ãé£ãã. ð§ 宣èšçèšæ¶ã®å¯ŸæŠå¿µ.
- ð§ æç¶ãèšæ¶
- ðãã©ã€ãã³ã°: ããªã¬ãŒãšã¢ã³ã«ãŒã®å¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ã®èšæ¶.
- ðå€å žçæ¡ä»¶ã¥ã: çµéšã®ç¹°ãè¿ããèšç·Žã«ããæ¬æ¥ã¯çµã³ã€ããŠããªãã£ãåºæ¿ã«å¯ŸããŠãæ°ããåå¿ïŒè¡åïŒã圢æãããçŸè±¡.
- ð§ éé£ååŠç¿: æåºŠã®åŠç¿.
ð§ æç¶ãèšæ¶
Procedural Memory.
èšèã§èª¬æããã®ãé£ããããè¡åãç¿æ £ãéããŠè¡šçŸãããèšæ¶ã®ããš.
- 宣èšçã§ãªãèšæ¶.
- æ £ãããšç¡æèã§ã§ããããš.
- æéããããŠåŠç¿ããåºæ¿å¿çãã¿ãŒã³.
ç¡æèããšãã«ç¡ç æéã®ååãå ããðæµ ãç¡ç ã§è³ã«å®çãã.
examples
- èªè»¢è»ã®ä¹ãæ¹
- 楜åšã®æŒå¥æ¹æ³
- ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ã®ã¹ãã«
- ãã³ã¹ã®ã¹ããã
æç¶ãç¥èã®åŠç¿ãšãã¥ãŒã©ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯
ð§ 倧è³åºåºæ žã«ãããç¡æèçãªåŠç¿ããð€Newral Networkã®åŠç¿ã«äŒŒãŠãã. æç¶ããåŠç¿ãããšã¯ãèšèªãã§ããªã. è€éãªãã¥ãŒãã³ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®éã¿ä»ãã倿ŽããŠãŠãã.
ð§ å¿åŽ
èšæ¶ãæ¶ãããš.
- ð§ use it or lose itãã·ããã¹çµåã¯äœ¿ããªããšåãæšãŠããã.
å«ãªèšæ¶ã®æ¶ãæ¹
- ðEMDRçæ³
- éµã¯èšæ¶ã掻æ§åãããæã«è³ã®èªåçææ äºæž¬ãšççŸããããã¹ãããäœéšããäœãåºãããš
ð§ èšæ¶åºå®å
ç¥çµç§åŠããã®èšæ¶ãè³ã«å®çããã¡ã«ããºã ãŸãšã.
æ³èµ·ã¯åŒ·åãªã®ããç·šéå¯èœ(å¿åŽã)ãªã®ãã¯ããŸã è°è«ãããŠããããã«ã¿ãã.
ðãªããªãŒãã«å¹æ
人éã®è³ã¯æãåºãããšãããšãã«èšæ¶ã®å®çãèµ·ãããšãã仮説.
è³ã®ä»çµã¿ã¯äœåºŠãæãåºãããšã«ãã£ãŠåŒ·åããããšãã仮説.
ã€ã³ããããããã¢ãŠãããããšèšãããæä»¥.
å ·äœçãªæ¹æ³ã¯ðæ³èµ·åŠç¿ãž.
ð§ èšæ¶ååºå®å
èšæ¶ãæžãæãã. æ³èµ·ããããšã¯åŒ·åã§ã¯ãªããäžå®å®ã«ãããç·šéå¯èœç¶æ ã«ãããšãã仮説.
2000幎ã«Naderãã«ãã£ãŠãåºå®åãããèšæ¶ãæ³èµ·ããéã«ãè³ã«ã¿ã³ãã¯è³ªåæé»å®³å€ãæ³šå ¥ãããšèšæ¶ãå£ããŠæ¶ãã.
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ãããã®é¢å¿ã¯ãŽã£ãããµããŒçæ³. ðŠãŽã£ãããµããŒã¯æž
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Topics
- ðèšæ¶ã¯ç¥ã£ãŠããã§çè§£ã¯åãã£ãŠãã
- ð¬æé žçŽ éåã§èšæ¶ãå®çãããBDNFãè³ã§çæããã
ðŠé£ããæŠå¿µãçè§£ããããã«åæãšãªãæŠå¿µãèšæ¶ããŠããããšã§ãã髿¬¡ã®æèãã§ãã - Barbara Oakley
æ€çŽ¢ããŠç¥èæã«å ¥ãã®ã«ããã«èšæ¶åãå¿ èŠãªæä»¥.
åæç¥èãããããšã§, è³å ã®ðã¯ãŒãã³ã°ã¡ã¢ãªãè§£æŸãã, ããæœè±¡åºŠã®é«ãæèãã§ãã.
ð»Learning How to Learn - Barbara Oakley(coursera)ãã.
- ð±ã€ã·ã¥ãŒãç ãåãèšæ¶ããŠãã人ãæèã®é床ãéãé ããã人, å®®å°çåžããã®åã.
- ðŠå€§åç äžããã¯ããã«è«ççæèåã ãã§ã¯ãªããããã仮説ãããŠããšãã®èšæ¶åãããã
ðè³å èšæ¶ãšã¹ãã¬ãŒãžã·ã¹ãã ã®ãã£ãã·ã¥ã·ã¹ãã ã®å¯Ÿæ¯
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äœæ¥èšæ¶: CPUã®ãã£ãã·ã¥ã¡ã¢ãª
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çæèšæ¶: RAM, ã¡ã€ã³ã¡ã¢ãª
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